A Level Physics Practice Exam

Which types of radiation are known to create ions when passing through atoms?

1. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation

2. Infrared, ultraviolet and visible light

3. X-rays, microwaves and radio waves

4. Beta, gamma and delta radiation

The correct answer is: Alpha, beta and gamma radiation

Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation are known to ionize atoms as they pass through matter. This occurs because these types of radiation have sufficient energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, thereby creating ions. Alpha radiation consists of helium nuclei and has a high mass and positive charge, which allows it to interact strongly with matter, leading to significant ionization in a short distance. Beta radiation involves high-energy electrons or positrons, which also have the capacity to ionize atoms. These particles are less massive than alpha particles, allowing them to penetrate further but with less intensity in each interaction compared to alpha particles. Gamma radiation is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Although it is less ionizing than alpha or beta radiation due to its neutral charge and high penetration capability, it can still interact with matter and cause ionization through various mechanisms, such as the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. The other options consist of types of radiation that either do not possess enough energy to ionize atoms effectively or do not engage with atomic structures in a way that leads to ionization.